Toward Empire
1. America Looks Outward
a. Catching the Spirit of Empire
i. Isolationism- stay out of foreign entanglements
1. Monroe Doctrine example
ii. In 1870s
1. Nationalism grew and it became more connected w/ telegraphs, telephones, undersea cables
2. Interested in expansion but not so much imperialism
b. Reasons for Expansion
i. Economics
1. Industrialization- more output= need more markets to sell to
a. Farmers and factories alike
2. Looked to foreign markets/abroad to export to
ii. Darwinism
1. Anglo-Saxon superiority
a. Civilize other cultures
b. Trade important- Take over Mexico, Central and South America, Africa, etc.
c. Foreign Policy Approaches, 1867-1900
i. Became more involved in foreign nations
1. Interested in expanding the United States
a. William Henry Seward, Grant to Canada, South America
ii. James G. Blaine- treaties w/ Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, British West Indies, Santo Domingo, and Colombia to obtain markets for American goods and bind them to American interests.
1. Wanted to annex Hawaii, Cuba, and Puerto Rico.
iii. International Bureau of the American Republics, laterthe Pan-American Union.
1. Major step in hemispheric relations, led to later meetings promoting trade and other agreements.
2. Treaties failed b/c of the depression of the 1890s.
3. Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act- ended reciprocity.
iv. The Lure of Hawaii and Samoa
1. Reciprocity treaty of 1875- let Hawaiian sugar enter the US free of duty and bound the Hawaiian monarchy to make no territorial or economic concessions to other powers.
a. Increased Hawaii’s dependence on the US market.
2. Treaty of 1875- white Hawaiians became more and more influential in the islands’ political life.
3. McKinley Tariff Act of 1890- ended the special status given Hawaiian sugar.
a. Production of sugar in Hawaii dropped, unemployment rose, property values fell.
b. Americans unhappy- revolt
4. Great Britain, Germany, US all have interest in Somoa
a. Tension rose in 1889.
b. Ended in 1899
i. US and Germany divided Samoa and compensated Briain w/ lands elsewhere in the Pacific.
v. The New Navy
1. In 1880, US had almost no Navy
a. In 1883, Congress authorized construction of four steel ships
2. Alfred Thayer Mahan and Benjamin F. Tracy= main forces of the new navy.
a. Mahan wanted foreign markets, expansion.
3. Bureau of Construction and Repair
a. Established in the Naval Reserve.
2. War With Spain
a. A War for Principle
i. Wilson-Gorman tariff of 1894 prostrated Cuba
ii. Yellow journalism- sensationalist reporting practiced mainly by a handful of newsapers in NYC that were eager to increase sales.
iii. McKinley took office in March 1897
1. Aid fact-finding mission to Cuba
2. Maine ordered to Havana to show power of Navy.
a. Explosion, angered many
b. Tension for war increased
iv. Teller Amendment- offered by Colorado senator Henry M. Teller, pledged that the US had no intention of annexing the island.
v. April 21- Spain severed several diplomatic relations
1. McKinley- blockade of Cuba for 125,000.
2. April 25- War starts
b. A Splendid Little War
i. Ten weeks of war, it was over, ended in August.
1. Many men wanted to join war, eager to volunteer
2. Army not as prepared as Navy, gone weak.
3. US won
c. Smoked Yankees
i. Invasion of Puerto Rico in 1898.
ii. African Americans were an important party of the Army.
d. The Course of the War
i. Military intelligence was useful, planned well.
ii. Philippines put into equation, Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), Puerto Rico.
3. Acquisition of Empire
a. Philippines a problem for McKinley
i. Independence thought about- racism a problem (Darwinism again)
ii. Thousands of miles away from America
iii. Treaty of Paris
b. Treaty of Paris Debate
i. Industrialists, imperialists, reformers, ect, som were opposed to the annexation of the Philippines.
ii. Tyranny abroad= tyranny at home
iii. Anti-Imperialist League
1. Right against the peace treaty
c. Guerilla Warfare in the Philippines
i. Emilio Aguinaldo
ii. Guerrilla tactics
iii. William Howard Taft
d. Governing the Empire
i. Lima vs. Bidwell
ii. Dooley vs. US
iii. Downes vs. Bidwell
iv. Foraker Act of 1900
v. Cuba and Philippines being difficult
vi. Platt Amendment
e. The Open Door
i. US now power in Asia
1. Close to China
ii. Open Door policy
1. Nations w/ sphere in China would respect rights of others
2. Chinese gov’t would continue to collect tariff duties
3. Not discriminate against other nations in levying port dues and RxR rates within their respective spheres of influence
4. US kept commercial advantages it might have lost if China was partitioned into spheres of influence.
iii. Brits accepted it the most, Russia didn’t approve it, other nations’ answers were evasive
1. Tested 3 months later w/ the Boxer Rebellion.
iv. Hay sent in second notes in fear of Germany and Russia expanding their spheres of influence.
1. Affirmed US commitment to equal commercial opportunity/respect for China’s independence, second set stated the need to preserve it.
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