The Nation At War
1. A New World Power
a. “I took the Canal Zone”
i. Theodore Roosevelt spent presidency prepping nation for world power.
1. Worked w/ Secretary of War Elihu Root
a. Modernized army
b. Est. the Army War College
ii. Wanted canal link to the Atlantic an dPacific oceans across the isthmus connecting North and South America.
1. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901
a. Let US make/control canal
i. Free and open to ships of all nations
2. Hay-Herran Convention (1903) gave US a 99 year lease on canal. Exchange: US pay Colombia $10 million and annual rental of $250,000.
3. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
a. Panama granted US control of a canal zone 10 miles across the Isthmus of Panama.
b. In return US guaranteed the independence of Panama and agreed to pay the same fees offered Colombia.
b. The Roosevelt Corollary
i. Interests in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the canal led US to dev’p a Caribbean policy to insure its dominance in the region.
ii. Roosevelt Corollary
1. Warned Latin American countries tokeep their affairs in order or face American intervention
c. Ventures in the Far East
i. Japan
1. Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)
a. Relationship strains b/w US and Japan
2. “Gentlemen’s Agreement” (1907)
d. Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
i. Promote American financial and business interests abroad.
1. Taft
2. Also followed some of Roosevelt’s policies
2. Foreign Policy Under Wilson
a. Conducting Moral Diplomacy
i. William Jennings Bryan
1. Pacifist, help less favored nations
ii. “Cooling off” treaties
iii. Apologized for Roosevelt’s Panamanian policy.
iv. By 1917- Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Cuba all US dependant.
b. Troubles Across the Border
i. Mexico
1. Porfirio Diaz- overthrown
2. Troubled countries- a lot of revolutions/wars
3. Huerta/Madero/Pancho Villa
3. Toward War
a. The Neutrality Policy
i. Didn’t want to get into the war
ii. Jane Addams, Florence Kelley, La Follete
iii. Immigrants took sides
1. Most w/ the Allies, blamed Germans
b. Freedom of the Seas
i. Navy disputes
1. Brits blockade Germans
2. Wilson protest against infringement on neurtral rights
3. Loans to Allies
c. The U-boat Threat
i. “Wanton Act”
ii. Submarines
iii. Lusitania and Arabic
iv. Sussex
d. “He Kept Us Out of War”
i. Wilson- “yellow”
ii. Wison reelected
e. The Final Months of Peace
i. December 1916- “full force of US to end war”
ii. April 2, 1917- Declaration of war
4. Over There
a. Mobilization
i. US not ready for war.
ii. Tried voluntary army
iii. Selective Service Act (May 1917)
b. War in the Trenches
c. Sep. 1918- Verdun, Meuse River, Argonne Forest
i. War lost
ii. Oct. 6, 1918 Germany appealed to Wilson for armistice.
1. Nov. 11 Germany signed to armistice
5. Over Here
a. The Conquest of Convictions
i. Committee on Public Information
ii. Propaganda, anti-German
iii. Espionage Act of 1917
iv. Sedition Act
b. A Bureaucratic War
i. War Industries Board
1. Bernard M. Baruch
ii. Food Administration
1. Herbert Hoover
c. Labor in the War
i. AFL
ii. War Committee on Labor
iii. War Labor Board
1. Women be paid equal wages for equal work
iv. Women take on new role
1. Jobs filled by women and also Af. Ams.
2. Racial tensions increased as well
v. By the end of the war, US the strongest economic power
1. Savings, efforts by the people, etc.
6. The Treaty of Versailles
a. A Peace at Paris
i. Wilson’s 14 Points
ii. Peace Conference at Paris
1. June 28, 1919- Treaty signed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles
b. Rejection in the Senate
i. Dispute in the League of Nations
ii. Wilson gets stroke
iii. Treaty failed w/ Lodge reservation on Nov. 19.
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